20 Snippets You should be using from Html5 Boilerplate
Matthew Corner
I recently, as many web designers and developers will have, became aware of a fantastic resource put together by web developer, Paul Irish, and Divya Manian. Html5 Boilerplate, as they have named it, is a powerful starting off point for any website or web application. As Paul Irish describes it; “It’s essentially a good starting template of html and css and a folder structure that works., but baked into it is years of best practices from front-end development professionals.”
It is absolutely packed full of fantastic snippets of code that are still very much worth using even if you don’t want to start using html5 boilerplate as your base template.
Html
We will start off by checking out some of the html snippets used in the resource. All of these are snippets of code that may not necessarily be only html, but will definitely be placed in your html files if used.
Favicon and Apple icons
The favicon is pretty much normality these day. the interesting bit here is the apple-touch-icon which is used if you save a bookmark to your home screen on an apple touch device such as an iPad or iPhone. Interestingly enough, android also supports its usage. As far as I can tell, the apple-touch-icon size is 60px by 60px. As the comment says, if your icons are in the root of your domain, these links aren’t required.
<!-- Place favicon.ico and apple-touch-icon.png in the root of your domain and delete these references --> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/apple-touch-icon.png">
Faster page load hack
This empty conditional comment hack is used to basically increase performance of your site. When conditional comments are used on your site, for example, for an ie6 conditional stylesheet, it will block further downloads until the css files are fully downloaded, hence increasing load time. To solve this issue, an empty conditional comment, like below, is used before any css is loaded in the document, and the problem will be solved! For further reading, check out this article.
<!--[if IE]><![endif]-->
X-UA-Compatible
Internet Explorer has many rendering engines ready for use. What this line of code basically does is force IE to use the most up to date rendering engine that it has available, so that your pages will render as well as possible. It then goes on to talk about Chrome Frame. Chrome Frame is a plugin for IE6, 7, and 8 which brings all the rendering, and js power of Google Chrome to IE. If the user has it installed, we render our site using it. For more information on Chrome Frame, and how you can even prompt users without it to install it, check here.
<!-- Always force latest IE rendering engine (even in intranet) & Chrome Frame --> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1">
Conditional body tag
This snippet is a Paul Irish original, and allows you to target IE browsers specifically without having to add in an extra http request with another separate stylesheet. Basically, depending on the IE browser that the user is using, a class is added to the body tag. If the user is not using IE, then a classless body tag is used. This allows you to target specific browsers in your css without having to use css hacks, or further stylesheets. For further reading, check out the original article on this.
<!--[if lt IE 7 ]> <body class="ie6"> <![endif]--> <!--[if IE 7 ]> <body class="ie7"> <![endif]--> <!--[if IE 8 ]> <body class="ie8"> <![endif]--> <!--[if IE 9 ]> <body class="ie9"> <![endif<]--> <!--[if (gt IE 9)|!(IE)]><!--> <!--<![endif]-->
jQuery loading fallback
A vast majority of sites these days make use of the jQuery JavaScript library. A vast majority also make use of Google’s hosted version of the library for faster loading speed’s, and better cross site caching. However, what if there is ever a problem and jQuery is not loaded from Google? Well here is your backup. What it basically does is check if jQuery is loaded from Google. If not, then we load it locally from our own version of jQuery.
<!-- Grab Google CDN's jQuery. fall back to local if necessary -->
<script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.4.2/jquery.min.js"></script>
<script>!window.jQuery && document.write('<script src="js/jquery-1.4.2.min.js"><\/script>')</script>
Optimised Google Analytics
Google Analytics is a very popular tool for tracking your website’s user behaviour, and visits. This is simply an optimised version of Google’s asynchronous tracking snippet. To learn what has been optimised, and why it is faster than Google’s own version, read the article here.
<!-- asynchronous google analytics
change the UA-XXXXX-X to be your site's ID -->
<script>
var _gaq = [['_setAccount', 'UA-XXXXX-X'], ['_trackPageview']];
(function(d, t) {
var g = d.createElement(t),
s = d.getElementsByTagName(t)[0];
g.async = true;
g.src = '//www.google-analytics.com/ga.js';
s.parentNode.insertBefore(g, s);
})(document, 'script');
</script>
Css
Moving on into Css, this is where the vast majority of awesome snippets care to be found. Don’t be put off by some of the one-liners; they are just as useful and awesome as some of the larger snippets to be found.
Html5 ready reset
Plenty of you will have used Eric Meyer’s css reset before now. It is included in many frameworks and so on, like 960.gs. This is a revamped version of that reset, that brings it into the present with full support for html5. It sets all the new structural tags as block level, and resets all their default styling as expected.
/* html5doctor.com Reset Stylesheet (Eric Meyer's Reset Reloaded + HTML5 baseline) v1.4 2009-07-27 | Authors: Eric Meyer & Richard Clark html5doctor.com/html-5-reset-stylesheet/*/
html, body, div, span, object, iframe,
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p, blockquote, pre,
abbr, address, cite, code,
del, dfn, em, img, ins, kbd, q, samp,
small, strong, sub, sup, var,
b, i,
dl, dt, dd, ol, ul, li,
fieldset, form, label, legend,
table, caption, tbody, tfoot, thead, tr, th, td,
article, aside, figure, footer, header, hgroup, menu, nav, section, menu,
time, mark, audio, video {
margin:0;
padding:0;
border:0;
outline:0;
font-size:100%;
vertical-align:baseline;
background:transparent;
}
article, aside, figure, footer, header,
hgroup, nav, section { display:block; }
nav ul { list-style:none; }
blockquote, q { quotes:none; }
blockquote:before, blockquote:after,
q:before, q:after { content:''; content:none; }
a { margin:0; padding:0; font-size:100%; vertical-align:baseline; background:transparent; }
ins { background-color:#ff9; color:#000; text-decoration:none; }
mark { background-color:#ff9; color:#000; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold; }
del { text-decoration: line-through; }
abbr[title], dfn[title] { border-bottom:1px dotted #000; cursor:help; }
/* tables still need cellspacing="0" in the markup */
table { border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0; }
hr { display:block; height:1px; border:0; border-top:1px solid #ccc; margin:1em 0; padding:0; }
input, select { vertical-align:middle; }
/* END RESET CSS */
Font normalisation
To get rid of rendering inconsistencies that can occur between browsers and OS’s when rendering fonts in pixels, this snippet allows you to size your fonts in such a way that the size and line-height will remain consistent across these platforms for your website. You will basically be setting your font sizes via percentages that can be found here.
/*
fonts.css from the YUI Library: developer.yahoo.com/yui/
Please refer to developer.yahoo.com/yui/fonts/ for font sizing percentages
*/
body { font:13px sans-serif; *font-size:small; *font:x-small; line-height:1.22; }
table { font-size:inherit; font:100%; }
select, input, textarea { font:99% sans-serif; }
Webkit font smoothing
This is anti-aliasing for webkit browsers, sadly only in Mac OSX. It basically makes your text render better, and make it more readable, without all the text thinning hacks that we have seen in the past. For further reading check out Tim Van Damme’s article on this.
/* maxvoltar.com/archive/-webkit-font-smoothing */
html { -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; }
Force scrollbar
Sometimes, pages can be shorter than the browser view-port, and when you load a page on the same site that has longer content and uses a scrollbar, content can jump side to side. By forcing a scrollbar no matter the height of our content, we stop this small, but annoying issue.
html { overflow-y: scroll; }
Formatting quoted code
This snippet simply makes the text wrap when it reaches the walls of its container, in this case, the pre tag, whilst still preserving line breaks and white space cross browser. To read up on this, have a look at this article.
pre {
padding: 15px;
white-space: pre; /* CSS2 */
white-space: pre-wrap; /* CSS 2.1 */
white-space: pre-line; /* CSS 3 (and 2.1 as well, actually) */
word-wrap: break-word; /* IE */
}
Aligning Labels
Alignment of labels with their relevant inputs can be a horrible task to achieve in older browsers. This snippets solves that for us by making it consistent across browsers!
/* align checkboxes, radios, text inputs with their label */
input[type="radio"] { vertical-align: text-bottom; }
input[type="checkbox"] { vertical-align: bottom; *vertical-align: baseline; }
.ie6 input { vertical-align: text-bottom; }
Clickable inputs
For some reason, most browsers don’t apply a pointer cursor to some clickable input’s by default to let the user now that this item is clickable, so we solve this by doing it ourselves.
/* hand cursor on clickable input elements */
label, input[type=button], input[type=submit], button { cursor: pointer; }
Screenreader access
This snippet basically gives us the best of both worlds, allowing the best usability when it comes to link outlines for both screenreaders tabbing through links, and mouse users. To learn more, read this article.
a:hover, a:active { outline: none; }
a, a:active, a:visited { color:#607890; }
a:hover { color:#036; }
IE7 image resizing
Ie7 by default uses an image resizing algorithm that means that scaled down images can look far from awesome. To solve this, we simply enable a much better resizing algorithm that is available in Ie7 that produces results similar to what you’d expect from most image editing software. To read more about this, and similar solutions for Ie6, read this insightful article by the Flickr developers.
/* bicubic resizing for non-native sized IMG:
code.flickr.com/blog/2008/11/12/on-ui-quality-the-little-things-client-side-image-resizing/ */
.ie7 img { -ms-interpolation-mode: bicubic; }
Print styles
Any decent site should be print ready, as even though we live in a technology driven time, people still like to have a hard copy of some information. This snippet firstly uses a css media declaration, allowing you to include this in your main stylesheet, and not having to place another link in the head of your document. This benefits load time, as even when the page inst being printed, a browser will always download that extra css file, generating an extra http request. The snippet then goes on to include some useful print styles such as printing our link urls, and so on.
/*
* print styles
* inlined to avoid required HTTP connection www.phpied.com/delay-loading-your-print-css/
*/
@media print {
* { background: transparent !important; color: #444 !important; text-shadow: none; }
a, a:visited { color: #444 !important; text-decoration: underline; }
a:after { content: " (" attr(href) ")"; }
abbr:after { content: " (" attr(title) ")"; } .ir a:after { content: ""; } /* Don't show links for images */ pre, blockquote { border: 1px solid #999; page-break-inside: avoid; } img { page-break-inside: avoid; }
@page { margin: 0.5cm; }
p, h2, h3 { orphans: 3; widows: 3; }
h2, h3{ page-break-after: avoid; }
}
Device orientation
These are just two css media queries you may want to use for your website development. With lots of smart-phones, and tablets being able to orientate their screens from landscape to portrait, you may want to include different styles for each. This is how you would go about achieving this.
@media all and (orientation:portrait) {
/* Style adjustments for portrait mode goes here */
}
@media all and (orientation:landscape) {
/* Style adjustments for landscape mode goes here */
}
.htaccess
One thing that html5 boilerplate does come with that other starting point templates generally don’t is server sided files. Check out these awesome .htaccess snippets that can easily improve your site.
X-UA-Compatible Server sided
This is the same as the html version mentioned above, forcing the latest rendering engine in IE, and Chrome Frame if it exists. The benefit of including this in your .htaccess file is that it saves you having to declare this in the head of each and every html document you produce.
<IfModule mod_headers.c>
BrowserMatch MSIE ie
Header set X-UA-Compatible "IE=Edge,chrome=1" env=ie
IfModule>
IfModule>
Gzip compression
Gzip compression allows us to drastically reduce out file sizes. This .htaccess snippet does the gzipping for us.
# gzip compression.
<IfModule mod_deflate.c>
# html, xml, css, and js:
AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE text/html text/plain text/xml text/css application/x-javascript text/javascript application/javascript application/json
# webfonts and svg:
<FilesMatch "\.(ttf|otf|eot|svg)$" >
SetOutputFilter DEFLATE
</FilesMatch>
</IfModule>
Expiry date for cache filetypes
When we cache our files on the user’s machine, we may want to specify how long they remain there, depending on how often we change them ourselves. This snippet provides basic times for common file types, some of which you may wish to change for your own site.
# these are pretty far-future expires headers # they assume you control versioning with cachebusting query params like # <script src="application.js?20100608"> # additionally, consider that outdated proxies may miscache # www.stevesouders.com/blog/2008/08/23/revving-filenames-dont-use-querystring/ # if you don't use filenames to version, lower the css and js to something like # "access plus 1 week" or so <IfModule mod_expires.c> Header set cache-control: public ExpiresActive on # Perhaps better to whitelist expires rules? Perhaps. ExpiresDefault "access plus 1 month" # cache.manifest needs re-reqeusts in FF 3.6 (thx Remy ~Introducing HTML5) ExpiresByType text/cache-manifest "access plus 0 seconds" # your document html ExpiresByType text/html "access" # rss feed ExpiresByType application/rss+xml "access plus 1 hour" # favicon (cannot be renamed) ExpiresByType image/vnd.microsoft.icon "access plus 1 week" # media: images, video, audio ExpiresByType image/png "access plus 1 month" ExpiresByType image/jpg "access plus 1 month" ExpiresByType image/jpeg "access plus 1 month" ExpiresByType video/ogg "access plus 1 month" ExpiresByType audio/ogg "access plus 1 month" ExpiresByType video/mp4 "access plus 1 month" # webfonts ExpiresByType font/ttf "access plus 1 month" ExpiresByType font/woff "access plus 1 month" ExpiresByType image/svg+xml "access plus 1 month" # css and javascript ExpiresByType text/css "access plus 1 month" ExpiresByType application/javascript "access plus 1 month" ExpiresByType text/javascript "access plus 1 month" </IfModule> # Since we're sending far-future expires, we don't need ETags for # static content. # developer.yahoo.com/performance/rules.html #etags FileETag None
Further thoughts
I strongly suggest you go check out Html5 Boilerplate. It is a fantastic resource that houses all of these snippets and more, that I am sure you will find useful.
For Further Reading:
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henk
Posted 1 day ago 52Nice article! But You have bug in code:
BrowserMatch MSIE ie
Header set X-UA-Compatible "IE=Edge,chrome=1" env=ie
IfModule>
IfModule>
Should be:
BrowserMatch MSIE ie
Header set X-UA-Compatible "IE=Edge,chrome=1" env=ie
Thanks,
Joey
Posted 9 days ago 51Nice article, boilerplate is a great resource
Charlie
Posted 10 days ago 50Thank you very much.
Spent so much time searching & trying many solutions to remove extra padding when printing to thermal printer in google chrome & internet explorer.
@page { margin: 0.1in; }
worked for me :)
powellian
Posted 31 days ago 49Great resource, thanks for sharing.
One thing I found with Force Scrollbar was with Google maps – I’ve just been adding a G map to a page and it broke the ‘scroll’ setting. I guess google have some proprietary styling finding itself into my page. So I just added an !important declaration to the selector and all is fine:
html { overflow-y: scroll !important;}
Phil
Posted 52 days ago 48Great article, although they have updated the html5 boilerplate a wee bit, so it would be best to get the code snippets from over their website just to stay current.
I have used this to develop a few html5 wordpress themes and am looking to start from scratch with some e-com platform templates as well. Kudos to the boilerplate team for putting their valuable knowledge in to the public domain.
Brad
Posted 84 days ago 47Very informative, can’t wait to use these goodies.
Marlou (Webdesign forum)
Posted 114 days ago 46Nice list, but it’s worth noting that the X-UA-Compatible meta tag does not validate. I don’t get why though! I guess if you want your code to be 100% validated you’ll have to put that in your htaccess file.
AfterDarkMike
Posted 132 days ago 45html{overflow-y:scroll} breaks jQuery datepicker by default.
andy nightingale
Posted 267 days ago 43If your using PIE (http://css3pie.com) to render round corners etc in IE6/7/8 I’d not use
as it works fine with IE7, but caused elements to disappear on screen in IE8
To sort the problems I replaced it with
andy nightingale
Posted 267 days ago 44thats (got stripped out of previous post)…
replace:
meta http-equiv=”X-UA-Compatible” content=”IE=edge,chrome=1″
with
meta http-equiv=”X-UA-Compatible” content=”IE=EmulateIE7″
Johnny
Posted 339 days ago 42the author just set a model reminding me to make a thorough development
coilevi
Posted 340 days ago 41Hi!
The bolierplate’s site is far from having a valid HTML or CSS. I assume that the site’s code is based on the boilerplate code itself. Does that mean that if we build upon this code we will have a tons of errors in the validators?
Brett Widmann
Posted 377 days ago 40These are many great code snippets. These will be very helpful.
Anon.
Posted 394 days ago 39Please do NOT advocate setting text-rendering. It’s not recommended and has been removed from the boilerplate.
Lukebarker
Posted 449 days ago 38Hi Matthew
this is a very useful and clear breakdown of HTML5 boilerplate – most websites do not need all the snippets and I prefer to cherry-pick. So your guide is very handy! I think also for dropping into old/legacy website templates built in WordPress and Joomla it is better to just put the very useful stuff as it doesn’t risk introducing errors as much to the template.
Notice from your twitter you are also in Glasgow. :)
Nate
Posted 452 days ago 37Also, it’s possible to use “apple-touch-icon-precomposed” to get the icon without the gloss effect.
Nate
Posted 452 days ago 36Apple iOS icons are 57×57. You should be using 114×114 now to support the new retina displays. In iOS 4, non-retina iPhones/Touches and iPads will downsize your 114px icon to 57px and 72px respectively.
Matt
Posted 496 days ago 34Amazing list, I learned a ton!
Bob Ramen
Posted 501 days ago 33A lot of good stuff here, and something for everyone that can be put to use right away.
Kevin
Posted 503 days ago 32This is awesome!
Andreas Becker
Posted 511 days ago 31Hey, there are a few really good hints.
I gonna use it in my upcoming projects.
Terry
Posted 513 days ago 30Sorry. Posted comment without a solution. Here it is..
if (typeof jQuery == ‘undefined’)
{
document.write(unescape(“%3Cscript src=’js/jquery-1.3.2.min.js’ type=’text/javascript’%3E%3C/script%3E”));
}
Terry
Posted 513 days ago 29CDN fallback doesn’t work!
!window.jQuery && document.write(”)